Education
Europe
Chechnya 1991 – 2000
During the final weeks of the Soviet Union’s existence, on November 1, 1991, the Chechen-born
former Soviet general Dzhokhar Dudayev carried out a successful coup d’état against
the local Soviet government and declared the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. The republic
...
Georgia (Abkhazia) 1992 – 1994
Conflict within Georgia began in the late 1980s as Georgians began to push for independence
from the Soviet Union. The Abkhazians within the country of Georgia wished to remain
under Soviet control. Abkhazia was placed under Georgia’s rule by the USSR ...
Greek Civil War 1944 – 1949
The Greek Civil War (1944–49) involved the Communist-led National Liberation Front
(EAM) and its military arm, the Greek People’s Liberation Army (ELAS), against the
British-supported Greek government and anti-Communist groups. The war unfolded in
three ...
Kosovo 1998 – 1999
The conflict was fought between the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Kosovo
Liberation Army (KLA). The population of Kosovo is majority ethnic Albanian. In 1998,
it was about 83 percent Albanian, 10 percent Serbian, and 7 percent other groups.
...
Northern Ireland 1968 – 1998
The Northern Ireland conflict, or the Troubles, was a national-religious conflict
between the unionist forces consisting primarily of the Royal Ulster Constabulary
and the British armed forces against the nationalist republicans of the Provisional
Irish Republican Army ...
Türkiye Kurdish Insurgency (PKK Ocalan Phase) 1984 – 1999
Kurdish nationalism has been a source of insurgency and brutal political repression
in Asia Minor since the early days of the modern state of Türkiye. The Öcalan phase
of the Kurdish insurgency began in 1978 when Kurdish leader Abdullah Öcalan established
the ...